Tropicalrainforests-国立台南大学.ppt

* Figure 23.22 * * * * Figure 23.23 * * * Figure 23.24a * Figure 23.25 * Figure 23.26 * * * Figure 23.27 * * Figure 23.28 * * Figure 23.29 * * * Figure 23.30 * * Figure 23.31 * * Figure 23.10a * * Figure 23.11a * * Figure 23.12 * * Figure 23.13 * * * Figure 23.14 * * * Figure 23.15 * Figure 23.16a * * * * Figure 23.17 * * * * * Figure 23.18 * * Figure 23.19 * * * * Figure 23.20 * * Figure 23.21a * * * * Chapter Opener * * * * Figure 23.1 * * Figure 23.2 * * * * * Figure 23.3a * Figure 23.3c * Figure 23.4 * * * * * Figure 1 * * Figure 23.5 * * Figure 23.6a * * Figure 23.7 * * Figure 23.8 * Figure 23.9 * * * Fig. 23.30 Geographic distribution of Earth’s conifer forest ecosystems and associated climate diagrams. 23.8 Conifer Forests Dominate the Cool Temperate and Boreal Zones The variable composition and structure of these forests reflect the wide range of climatic conditions in which they grow. Central Europe Dominated by Norway spruce (雲杉) North America Rocky Mountains Subalpine forest — Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir (冷杉) Middle elevations — Douglas fir (冷杉) Low elevations — ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine North America California Sierra Giant sequoia (加州紅杉) North America Pacific Northwest Highly productive coastal forest .tw/~hycheng/ * * Fig. 23.31 Two coniferous forest types. A Norway spruce (雲杉) in the Tarvisio region of Italy A montane coniferous forest in the Rocky Mountains. The dry, lower slopes support ponderosa pine, the upper slopes are cloaked with Douglas fir (冷杉). 23.8 Conifer Forests Dominate the Cool Temperate and Boreal Zones The boreal forest (or taiga) is the largest expanse of conifer forest. This is the largest vegetation formation on Earth. The taiga encompasses the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and covers 11 percent of the Earths terrestrial surface. The taiga primarily occupies formerly glaciated land and is a region of cold lakes, bogs, rivers, and alder thickets. .tw/~hycheng/ * 23.8 Conifer Forests Dominate the Cool Te