村的起源及“村”概念的泛化 (2).docVIP

村的起源及“村”概念的泛化* ——立足于唐以前的考察 ? 刘再聪 (西北师范大学敦煌学研究所，甘肃 兰州 730070) ? 史学月刊2006年第12期 ? ? [关键词]村；聚落；南北朝 [摘要]依据文献记载，“村”字及具体村的名称最早见于东汉中后期。村的早期形态在先秦时已经存在，庐、丘、聚等是村的三种主要来源形式。南北朝时期是“村”的名称泛化时期，村开始具备社会意义，这是“村”进入国家地方行政体制并成为一级基层组织单位的必要条件。相关材料表明，南北朝时期“村”的具体名称的出现有一定的地域性。而唐代明文规定所有野外聚落统统称为“村”，并规定村为一级行政组织单位，使村的含义有了质的变化，这在历史上具有里程碑的意义。 [中图分类号]K928.5；C912.82 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]0583-O214(2006)12-0005-08 Origin of Village and the Expansion of the Notion of Village ——A Study Based on the Situation before Tang Dynasty LIU Zai-cong (Institute of Dunhuang Studies, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China) Keywords: village; community; Southern and Northern Dynasties Abstract: According to the recorded history, the charactervillage and its specific notion appeared first in late East Han Dynasty. The original form of village had come into being in early Qin Dynasty. Lu, Qiu, Ju etc are the original forms of village. In Southern and Northern Dynasty the notion of village had become enlarged. Village had got its social meaning first, which was the necessary condition for it to enter into national local administration system and to become a basic grass root organization. As statistics show, the concept of village appeared with regional properties, while in Tang dynasty law all communities out of the city were called village and village was regulated as the organizational unit. This caused the meaning of village to change in an essential way and it was a milestone in history. ? 对历史上村及相关基层社会组织的关注是当前史学研究的一大热点。日本学者对“村”的研究起步早，并且已经取得了令人钦佩的成果。①相对而言，对此一问题国内学者则明显重视不够。近年来，这种局面略有改变。②本文试图对历史上村的早期形态及村名的泛化情况略做探讨，权当补苴。 __________________________ *本文是2004年成都“中国魏晋南北朝史学会第八届年会暨缪钺先生百年诞辰国际学术研讨会”及教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目(05JJDZH234号)论文。 ①加藤繁：《唐宋时代的庄园绢织及其成为村落而发展的情况3，《中国经济史考证》第一卷，吴杰译，商务印书馆1959年；宫崎市定：《中国村制的成立——古代帝国崩坏的一面3，《宫崎市定论文选集》上，商务印书馆1963年；《关于中国聚落形体的变迁》，刘俊文主编：《日本学者研究中国史论著选译》第3卷，中华书局1993年；宫川尚志：《六朝时代的村》，刘俊文主编：《日本学者研究中国史论著选译》第4卷，中华书局1992年；堀敏一：《中国古代の家と集落》，东京汲古书院1996年；谷川道雄：《六朝时代城市与农村的对立关系》，武汉大学历史系魏晋南北朝隋唐史研究室编：《魏