英汉句子成分的对比.doc

英汉句子成分的对比 第一节 英汉句子谓语的对比 I. 英语句子谓语的含义 英语中把表示动作行为的成分称之为谓语。在句中可以做谓语的词类是动词。 They eventually gave up. 他们最终放弃了。 I have never seen magpies. 我从来没见过喜鹊。 His father died heroically for our country. 他的父亲为我们的国家英勇而死。 1. 谓语的前置。英语中一个句子的谓语为了强调可以前置于句首，其结构为“动词(动宾短语)+主语+助动词”。 Rescue him she could not. 她救不他了。(She could not rescue him) Die he would not because he was optimistic. 他不会死的，因为他很乐观。(He would not die) Move they could not; they had to lie immobile in the forest. 他们动不了，只好一动不动地躺在树林中。(They could not move) 2. 双重谓语句。 He returned a wealthy man. 他回来的时候已腰缠万贯。 He stood immobile before his teacher. 他站在老师的面前，一动不动。 He died a martyr. 他死了，成了烈士。 He started off poor. 他开始的时候很穷。 They returned empty-handed from this symposium. 他们这次研讨会没有收获，空手而归。 3. 谓语的主语化。One’s +名词+动词/be…，该结构常用来强调谓语，使之主语化。 His death took place last night. 他昨夜死了。(He died last night) Their return was inevitable. 他们不可避免地返回来了。(They returned inevitably) His answer was evasive and equivocal. 他回答得含糊其辞，模棱两可。 Our hope is that you will help her financially. 我们希望你会从资金上帮助她。 My worry is that he is as slippery as an eel. 我担心他像狐狸一样狡猾。 II. 汉语句子谓语的英译 1. 介词式动词。汉语中某些动词常和介词连用，但对应的英语单词是及物动词，不需要和介词连用。 他昨天和我打架了。 He fought me yesterday. 明天我将和他比赛。 I will play him tomorrow. 他总是和妈妈顶嘴。 He always contradicts his mother. 他最终和妻子离婚了。 He eventually divorced his wife. 他正跨在他的自行车上。 He was straddling his bike. 2. 谓语的倒装式。汉语中某些句子的谓语为了强调放在主语之前形成倒装式，翻译成英语时要将谓语放回到主语之后。 离开的只有几个人。 Only several people left. 我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 那里长着大片的芦苇。 Lots of reeds are growing over there. 刚才批评我的是史密斯先生。 Mr. Smith criticized me just now. 上周一个早晨在大使馆附近遭绑架的是三名日本人。 Three Japanese were kidnapped near the embassy on a morning last week. 3. 谓语的定语化。汉语中某些句子的动词为了强调用做主语的定语，翻译成英语时要还原成谓语。 接受这个想法的人只有三个人。 Only three people accepted this idea. 会说英语的人越来越多。 More and more people can speak English. 在这次海啸中失去家园的人有几百人。 Hundreds of people lost their homes in the tsunami. 参加这项比赛的运动员来自世界各地。 Athletes took part in this match from all over