A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality-英文文献.pdf

Psychological Review Copyright 1988 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1988, Vol. 95, No. 2, 256-273 0033-295X/8S/$00.75 A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality Carol S. Dweck Ellen L. Leggett University of Illinois Harvard University Past work has documented and described major patterns of adaptive and maladaptive behavior: the mastery-oriented and the helpless patterns. In this article, we present a research-based model that accounts for these patterns in terms of underlying psychological processes. The model specifies how individuals implicit theories orient them toward particular goals and how these goals set up the different patterns. Indeed, we show how each feature (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) of the adaptive and maladaptive patterns can be seen to follow directly from different goals. We then exam- ine the generality of the model and use it to illuminate phenomena in a wide variety of domains. Finally, we place the model in its broadest context and examine its implications for our understand- ing of motivational and personality processes. The task for investigators of motivation and personality is to ability, as the helpless children seemed to be, behaved in ways identify major patterns of behavior and link them to underl