Error and attack tolerance of complex networks-英文文献.pdf

Error and attack tolerance of complex networks R´eka Albert, Hawoong Jeong, Albert-L´aszl´o Barab´asi 0 0 Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 0 2 g u A Many complex systems display a surprising degree of tolerance against er- 3 ] rors. For example, relatively simple organisms grow, persist and reproduce de- n n spite drastic pharmaceutical or environmental interventions, an error tolerance - s i attributed to the robustness of the underlying metabolic network [1]. Complex d . t communication networks [2] display a surprising degree of robustness: while key a m - components regularly malfunction, local failures rarely lead to the loss of the d n global information-carrying ability of the network. The stability of these and o c [ other complex systems is often attributed to the redundant wiring of the func- 1 v tional web defined by the systems’ components. In this paper we demonstrate 4 6 that error tolerance is not shared by all redundant systems, but it is displayed 0 8 only by a class of inhomogeneously wired networks, called scale-free networks. 0 0 0 We find that scale-free networks, describing a number of systems, such as the / t a World Wide Web (www) [3–5], Internet [6], social networks [7] or a cell [8], m - display an unexpected degree of robustness, the ability of their nodes to com- d n o municate being unaffected by even unrealistically high failure rates. However, c : error tolerance comes at a high price: these networks are extremely vulnerable v i X to attacks, i.e. to the selection and removal