英语语言学三(3.1).ppt

Chapter 3 3.1 What is Morpheme? 什么是语素？ 3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体 We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components. Ex. chairman chair, man townhall town, hall boys boy, -s checking check,- ing disappointment dis- ,appoint , -ment 1 、Morphemes 语素 Definition: The smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇意义或语法意义。 such as: chair , dog , cup and so on. 2. Morphology 形态学 Morphology: The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形态学是语言学的一个分支。 It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的内部结构和构造规则。 E.G. purify pur(e) , -ify amplify(放大) simplify(简单化) electrify(充电) falsify(伪造) A new verb can be created by adding -ify to an adjective. 3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体 1 、 Free morpheme and Bound morpheme 自由语素和黏着语素 A. Freemorphemes: Those that may occur alone, those which may make up words by themselves.(可以单独出现，独自构成单词。) E.g. dog, nation, close mono-morphemic words（单语素词）. All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. Compounds（复合词）:there are poly morphemic words(多语素词),which consist wholly of free morphemes. e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfather, sunflower. B. Bound morphemes(黏着语素): They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现) They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一个不同的语素） e.g. dogs, national,