语言学--2.Speechsounds.pptVIP

李金妹制作 Chapter 2 Speech sounds Chapter 2 Speech sounds Teaching Procedures 1. Phonetics 1.1 Speech production and perception 1.2 Speech organs (articulators) 1.3 phonetic transcription 1.4 English speech sounds 2. Phonology 2.1 phonology and phonetics 2.2 phonemes, phones and allophones 　 2.3 Minimal pairs and complementary distribution 2.4 Distinctive features 2.5 Suprasegmental features 3. Task Introduction There are two branches in linguistics, which deal with speech sounds. They are phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study of sound patterns). 1. Phonetics　语音学 Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. 1.2 Speech organs (vocal organs) — refers to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The three cavities of the vocal tract （声道）: the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity), the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds. The diagram of speech organs Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar)齿龈 Hard palate 硬腭 Soft palate (velum) 软腭 Uvula 小舌 Tip of tongue Blade of tongue 舌面 Back of tongue Vocal cords 声带 Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 Nasal cavity 鼻腔 The pharyngeal cavity　咽腔 Larynx (喉): at the top of the trachea (气管), the front of which is the Adam’s apple. This is the first place where sound modification might occur. vocal folds (vocal cords): Vocal cords are two membranes, the positions of which gives different sounds. ●When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound pro