网上有问题的内容（Problematiconlinematerials）.ppt

child pornography: 經修訂的定義 (A) the production of such visual depiction involves the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; （確是有兒童參與製作） (B) such visual depiction is a digital image, computer image, or computer-generated image that is, or is indistinguishable from, that of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct;（根本沒法區分是否真人） or (C) such visual depiction has been created, adapted, or modified to appear that an identifiable minor is engaging in sexually explicit conduct. （能夠認出有關的兒童） US Code Title 18 Part I, chapter 110 §?2256 Porn on the Web: Boy lured into selling sex 網上色情內容: 行業自律 self-regulation? 行業自律 self-regulation? By content rating, plus blocking or filtering software (內容分級，再加阻攔或過濾軟件） attitudes of industry government Congress 規管網上色情內容: CIPA 2000:　The Congress passed Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) because people visiting libraries, including minors regularly search the Internet for pornography expose others to porn images by leaving them displayed on Internet terminals or printed at library printers 規管網上色情內容: CIPA The CIPA requires public libraries and schools to install software to block images that constitute obscenity or child porn; and to prevent minors from obtaining access to material that is harmful to them 公眾圖書館和學校要加裝軟件 攔截屬淫褻或兒童色情的內容 並避免兒童接觸到對他們有害的內容 Otherwise, they may not receive federal assistance to provide Internet access 否則，它們的互聯網設備和服務將不會得到聯邦資助 規管網上色情內容: CIPA Challenged by civic groups arguing this would create digital divide not able to reach valuable speeches e.g. sex education... 條文受到公民團體的反對，理由：… 規管網上色情內容: CIPA Court rulings (下級法院裁定條文違憲） May 2002: a US district court ruled CIPA has violated the First Amendment: a) Filtering software constitutes a content-based restriction on access to a public forum (this restriction is subject to strict scrutiny) B) Though government has a compelling interest in preventing the dissemination of obscenity, child porn, or materials harmful to minors, the use of software