行为矫正原理及方法2.doc

CHAPTER 3 GETTING A BEHAVIOR TO OCCUR MORE OFTEN WITH POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Answers to Study Questions on Main Text 1. A baseline is a measure of behavior in the absence of a treatment program. For example, in Danny’s case, his cooperative and commanding behaviors were assessed before Danny’s mother was instructed to react to them differently than she had in the past. Other examples may be appropriate. 2. Behavior (or instances of cooperative behavior). 3. Time (or sessions, or sessions in 10-minute intervals). 4. A positive reinforcer is an event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency. 5. This principle states that if, in a given situation, somebody does something that is immediately followed by a positive reinforcer, that person is more likely to do the same thing again when he or she next encounters a similar situation. 6. Operant behaviors are those that operate on the environment to generate consequences, and are in turn influenced by those consequences. For example, if a person walks into a dark room and emits the behavior of turning on a light switch, then the consequence of the light going on increases the likelihood that flipping the light switch will occur in a similar situation in the future. Flipping the light switch is therefore an operant behavior. 7. They are both laws of nature. 8. Students can describe any plausible example, such as the following: Situation: A student in class did not understand a part of a lecture of one of the authors. Response of student: Approached professor after class to request help. Immediate consequence: Professor smiled warmly, and said, “Of course! How can I help you?” Long-term effect: Student is more likely to approach professor (and perhaps other professors) for help in the future. CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING BEHAVIOR WITH CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT Answers to Study Questions on Main Text 1. Unconditioned reinforcers are stimuli which are reinforci