inventory carrying (holding) costs 存货持有成本.ppt

CHAPTER 8 存货管理 Inventory Management Learning Objectives To determine the costs of holding inventory To identify the costs associated with a stockout To understand the EOQ concept To differentiate the various inventory flow patterns To identify several contemporary approaches to managing inventory To discuss special concerns with inventory management Key Terms ABC analysis ABC分析法 Complementary products 补充产品 Cycle(base) Stock 周转库存 (基本库存) Dead inventory 呆滞存货 Economic order quantity(EOQ) 经济订货批量 Fixed order interval system 定期订货系统 Fixed order quantity system 定量订货系统 Inventory 存货 Inventory carrying(holding) costs 存货持有成本 Inventory flow diagram 存货流程图 Inventory shrinkage 存货收缩 Inventory turnover 存货周转率 Just-in-time(JIT) approach 及时制方法 Nodes 物流结点 Pipeline (in-transit) stock 管道库存 (在途库存) Reorder (trigger) point (ROP) 再订货点 Safety (buffer) stock 安全库存(缓冲库存) Speculative stock 投机性库存 Stockout costs 缺货成本 Substitute products 替代品 Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) 供应商管理存货 引例: 惠普喷墨系列打印机的库存问题 第一个问题是要找出一种好方法，既能随时满足顾客对各种产品的需求，又可尽量减少库存； 第二个问题是要在各部门之间，就正确的库存水平达成一致意见。 　 一方面，人们设置库存的目的是防止短缺，这样便占用了企业大量的资金，减少了企业的利润； 另一方面，库存能保持生产的连续性，缓解供需矛盾，提高客户满意度，甚至有些时候，库存还有“居奇”的作用，使企业盈利。 1. 关于存货about Inventory Inventories are stocks of goods and materials that are maintained for many purposes, the most common being to satisfy normal demand patterns. 存货是为了达到多种目的而维持货物和物料,主要用于满足正常的需求 如: 原材料(raw materials);外购零件(purchased parts);在制品(work-in-process);产成品(finished-goods);商品(merchandies);机器工具等备用零件(spare parts)等 The reasons of holding inventories Act as a buffer between production and selling processes 生产和销售之间的缓冲 Unexpected changes in customer demand消费者需求的不确定性 The short life cycle of an increasing number of products. The presence of many competing products in the marketplace. Uncertainty in the quantity and quality of the supply, supplier costs and delivery times. 供应数量和质量,供应商的成本和交付时间的不确定性 Delivery Lead Time, Capacity limitations 交付提前期,容量限制 Economies of scale (transportation cost) 规模经济 The reasons not holding inventories I