Krashen’s Monitor Theory监控理论ppt.ppt

Krashen’s Monitor Theory Background Information One of the best known theories of SLA in the 1970s and early 1980s was Krashen’s Monitor Theory. It is a comprehensive , influential and controversial theory and it has a greatly influenced second language teaching method named the Natural Approach. Monitor Theory began life not as a theory of SL acquisition, but as a model of SL performance. (Krashen, 1976) Contents 3. The Monitor Hypothesis 4. The Input Hypothesis 5. The Affective Filter Hypothesis 6. A critique of MT 2. The Natural Order Hypothesis 1. The Acquisition –Learning Hypothesis 1. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis 1.1 There are two independent ways of learning an SL: Acquisition refers to the subconcious process used by children developing their first language. Learning is a conscious process, which results in a separate system of simple grammar rules, or knowledge about the SL. Procedural knowledge （程序性知识） Declarative knowledge （陈述性性知识） Implicit knowledge （内隐学习） Explicit knowledge （外显学习） 1.2 In Krashen’s opioion learning cannot turn into acquistion .(Example by Gregg) a. Non-interface position （无接口观点） b. The weak interface position（弱势接口观点） 这种观点是显性知识和隐性知识两者“能够分开又相互合作”两种知识可以在任何情况下合作 c. The strong interface position （强势接口观点） 这种观点认为无论学习什么都是从技能或行为相关的（陈述）知识发展，最终达到程序性知识的自动化。 2. The Natural Order Hypothesis 2.1 Second language learners seem to acquire the features of the target language in predictable sequence. That we acquire the rules of language in a predictable order, some rules tending to come early and others late. The order does not appear to be determined solely by formal simplicity and there is evidence that it is independent of the order in which rules are taught in language classes. (Krashen 1985; Larsen-Freeman 2000) 2.2 A learning syllabus An acquisition syllabus Brown Krashen 1982 3. The Monitor Hypothesis 3.1 According to Krashen, the acquired system acts to initiate the second language learner’s utteran