投影片1-口腔病理科教学网.ppt

Slide is prepared from Humphrey’s urine sample taken in 1967 Section of cancer is taken from Humphrey’s bladder surgically removed in 1967 Copies of DNA are made from PCR Mutant DNA probe Probe bind to mutant DNA Probe for the mutation is constructed DNA is purifed and p53 gene is sequenced Gel shows mutation (red arrow) in p53 gene Normal DNA Mutant DNA DNA is placed on nylon membrane 生物晶片 美國副總統—韓福瑞 Diagnosing Hubert H. Humphrey 27 Years Later (2004) Ref. 1 Example of Early Detection Mammograms CT scan Liver Hepatoma Breast Advances in Tumor Imaging New tools yield a three-dimensional view inside the body and automated advice on interpreting the anatomical landscape Ref. 1 Advances in Tumor Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Ref. 1 Immunotherapy/ Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer Orange: Stroma Green: Colon cancer cell Antibodies recognizes specific cells and can be used to find and selectively destroy tumor cells Ref. 1 Fighting Cancer by Attacking Its Blood Supply Inhibition of NOS enzymes by NOS inhibitor Relatively lower level of NO produced by SCC facilitates angiogenesis tumor dissemination NO NOS inhibitor NO Before therapy After therapy NOS inhibitor NOS inhibitor NO: nitric oxide NOS: nitric oxide synthase Ref. 1 Summaries 瞭解以下各點： How cancer arise Stages of carcinogenesis 癌化的標準教條 四種癌化理論 Field cancerization 癌細胞的六種超能力 癌症的預防 * 標準教條 第四站 癌化的四個理論 Ref. 2 細胞內的癌症相關基因受到致癌物質影響而發生突變，無法製造腫瘤抑制蛋白，並且活化了致癌蛋白，導致癌症。 修 正 教 條 修 正 教 條 在癌化前期的細胞基因組當中，累積的隨機突變有顯著的增加，終於影響到癌症相關基因 Ref. 2 早期不穩定理論 早期不穩定理論 其餘兩個理論專注 在非整倍體所扮演的 角色，也就是染色體 上大規模的變異 早期不穩定理論 認為細胞分裂的主控基因 受致癌物質影響而關閉， 造成子代細胞染色體數目 異常 Ref. 2 全盤非整倍體理論：非整倍體細胞的基因組非常不穩定，使得癌症基因極易發生突變而形成腫瘤 Ref. 2 癌症是一種基因的疾病然而癌症的複雜情況，卻不能用簡單的「基因突變」來描述。 最近理論認為，染色體的異常可能才是細胞邁向癌症之路的第一步。 隨染色體起舞 Ref. 2 正常 癌 症 Ref. 2 Normal Cancer Chromosomes Field Cancerization (1) Patch phase Precursor lesions develop within field Carcinoma excised, field and precursor lesion remains Expanding field phase Field Second field tumor de