Chap20收入不平等与贫困(经济学原理曼昆中英文双语).ppt

Income Inequality and Poverty收入不平等与贫困 Chapter 20 Income Inequality and Poverty “A person’s earnings depend on the supply and demand for that person’s labor, which in turn depend on natural ability, human capital, compensating differentials, discrimination, and so on.” 收入不平等与贫困 “一个人的收入取决于这个人的劳动供给和对这个人的劳动需求，供给与与需求又取决于天赋能力、人力资本、补偿性工资差别、歧视等等。” The Measurement of Inequality How much inequality is there in our society? How many people live in poverty? What problems arise in measuring the amount of inequality? How often do people move among income classes? 不平等的衡量 在我们社会中不平等程度有多大? 有多少人生活在贫困之中? 衡量不平等程度时引起了哪些问题? 他们通常如何在各收入阶层之间流动? Table 1 The Distribution of Income in the United States: 2000 表1. 美国的收入分配: 2000年 U.S. Income Inequality Imagine that you. . . . . . lined up all of the families in the economy according to their annual income. . . . divided the families into five equal groups (bottom fifth, second fifth, etc.) . . . computed the share of total income that each group of families received. 美国的收入不平等 设想你. . . . . . 要根据年收入对所有家庭进行排队。 . . . 把家庭分为五个相等的集团 (最低的五分之一，第二个五分之一，等等…) . . . 计算每个家庭集团所得到的总收入份额。 Table 2 Income Inequality in the United States 表2. 美国的收入不平等 U.S. Income Inequality If income were equally distributed across all families, each one-fifth of families would receive one-fifth (20 percent) of total income. 美国收入不平等 如果收入平等地分配到所有家庭中，每五分之一的家庭应该得到五分之一（20％）的收入。 U.S. Income Inequality From 1935-1970, the distribution of income gradually became more equal. In more recent years, this trend has reversed itself. 美国收入不平等 从 1935年到1970年，分配逐渐变得更平等。 近年这种趋势又倒过来了。 U.S. Income Inequality Reasons for Recent Increase in Income Inequality The following have tended to reduce the demand for unskilled labor and raise the demand for skilled labor: Increases in international trade with low-wage countries Changes in technology Therefore, the wages of unskilled workers have fallen relative to the wages of skilled workers. This has resulted in increased inequality in family inc