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Chapter one Ancient near east: a historical region approximately corresponding to much of the modern middle east Mesopotamia: the land between the two rivers The fertile crescent: when seen on a map, the green plains in Mesopotamian form the shape of a new moon. The Garden of Eden: the garden created by God for the first man, Adam Nobleman: family members of the kings The persians: a group of people from what is now modern day Wheel: a round disc made of a piece of solid wood: a significant invention by Sumerian Ziggurat: (塔庙) a temple stood at the center of each Sumerian city to honor the city’s chief protecting god and goddess The Akkadians: a group of Semitic people from the North-defeated the Sumerians city-states The Amorites: another group of Semitic-speaking people Region: ａsystem of beliefs, rituals, and standards of conducts Gilgamesh: stories about Gilgamesh that showed the Sumerian’s disbelief in life after death Epic of Gilgamesh: the epic tells of Gilgamesh’s adventure in search of immorality Scribe: someone who can read and write The Code of Ur-Nammu: the oldest written copy of a system of laws that has been discovered so far and it was written in Sumerian language on a piece of clay Code of Hammurabi: the most famous set of laws created around 1750 BC by the great Babylonian king Hammurabi after he unified Mesopotamia Retaliation:(一报还一报) an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth The Nile: the longest river in the world and the lifeline of the ancient Egyptian civilization Papyrus:(纸莎草) the primary material from which the Egyptians made paper, boats, and building material Mummification: a complicated method of preservation of human body Vizer: the highest official in Egypt Exodus: departure from Egypt Judaism: the religion of the Jewish people, based mainly on the Bible (= the Christian Old Testament) and the Talmud The Tanakh: moral principles and rules in the Hebrew bible The Torah: t