南师大英语写作(学硕)复习资料.doc

写作： 4. Writing an opening paragraph An opening paragraph usually consists of two parts: opening part and thesis statements. 1) Functions of an opening paragraph: Attract readers’ interest. Present your thesis. 2) Five useful ways to write an opening paragraph (1) Begin with a broad, general statement of your topic and narrow it down to your thesis statement. (from a broad topic to your thesis) (2) Use an incident or a brief story. (from a brief story to your thesis) (3) Start with an idea or a situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop. (from an opposite idea or situation to your thesis) (4) Ask one or more questions (from a question(s) to your thesis) (5) Use a quotation (from a quotation to your thesis) 5. Writing supporting paragraphs 1) Three bases for writing a supporting paragraph: (1) Support (adequate and specific)（论据充分性） (2) Coherence（连贯性） (a)Transitional words: Type 1: Addition signals are used to show accumulation. Type 2: Time Signals are used to show sequence. Type 3: Space signals are used to show location. Type 4: Change of direction signals are used to show contrast. Type 5: Illustration signals are used to show examples. Type 6: Conclusion signals are used to show consequence. (b) Transitional sentences (c) Other collecting words: Repeated words Pronouns Synonyms(同义词) 3) Unity（一致性） (a) Make all of the topic sentences in the supporting paragraphs related to the thesis. (b) Make all of the major supporting points related to the topic sentences in each supporting paragraph. (c) Make all of the minor supporting points related to the major supporting points in each supporting paragraph. 2) Patterns of Organization: (1) Time order (chronological order) (按时间顺序排列) Climactic order (order of importance) (按重要性顺序排列)Space order(按空间顺序排列)Writing an concluding paragraph Four effective ways will be introduced (1) End with a summary and a final thought. Restate your major points raised in your thesis, but do not repeat them. (2) End with