建筑专英作业.ppt

古通今建筑 ——现代建筑的主要部分;The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities． 一座建筑物的作用是为人类活动的进行提供一个躲避处。 From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements． 从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有一个躲避风雨的地方。 ; Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. 材料和结构形式被组合在一起形成了建筑物的不同部分。包括承重的框架、外墙、楼板层、以及隔墙。 The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. 建筑物还有机械和电力系统，比如，电梯、供暖制冷系统，照明系统。 The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation, is that part of a building below ground. 上部结构是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部结构以及基础是建筑物的地下部分。 ; Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. 直到19世纪晚期，建筑物外墙被用作支承楼板的承重墙。 This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. 这种建筑本质上就是柱和过梁的组合类型，它仍然被用在房屋的框架结构中。 ; In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. 在 1883 年，詹尼将楼板设置在铸铁柱上形成一个像笼子一样的建筑物。 Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. 框架建筑，由钢梁和柱组成，最早运用于1889年。 As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a curtain wall rather than serving a supporting function. 随着框架建筑的出现，围护墙体成了“幕墙”，不再起承重的功能。 Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. 二十世纪三十年代以前都是采用砖石作为幕墙材料，此后都是用轻型金属和玻璃作为幕墙材料。; After the introduction of the steel skeleton, the height of buildings continued to increase rapidly. 随着钢结构的引入，