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天津现代职业技术学院 Risks and Insurance in International Trade Marine Insurance Zhang Xin Abstract: International trade is subject to many risks. Ships may sink or consignment be damaged in transit , exchange rates may alter,buyers default or governments suddenly impose an embargo. Therefore, exporters and importers have to insure themselves anginst many of these risks. There is a wide range of standard types of coverage , the three basic marine insurance is: Free of Particular Average(F.P.A.), With Particular Average(W.P.A.) or With Average(W.A.), All Risks. F.P.A.are covered only against hazards to which all the consignments on the same vessel are subject.W.P.A.means that in addition to general average and total loss ,goods are covered against partial loss due to major perils, but not due to minor perils.All Risks is responsible for all total or partial loss of ,or damage to, the insured goods arising form natural elements or from sea perils ,including all losses caused by accidents to the carrying vessel or craft or any external causes.英语标点的规矩是risks. There is 而risks .There is是错的。看不懂打电话给我。 Key words: (F.P.A.) (W.P.A.) All risks Additional Risks Special Additional Risks(关键词用逗号隔开) I. The introduction of Free of Particular Average(F.P.A.) A:The origin and meaning of (F.P.A.) F.P.A. English meaning FPAA, marine transport cargo insurance is one of the main risks. F.P.A. the original meaning is the total loss only, namely the coverage of natural disasters and accidents caused by the loss of all goods. Natural disaster refers to the bad weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake, flood and so on. Later, plus the conveyance has been stranded, sunk, rocks, collisions, and ice or other object collision and fire, explosion caused by partial loss. On the loading and unloading, transshipment cargo loss overboard, port of discharge port, port of call loss, special expenses, general average sacrifice and contribution, salvage