当代美国课文翻译.pptx

当代美国翻译（课本P98-P99）;P98第一段;To initiate the legislation process ,the ideas must be sponsored by a member of Congress who formally introduces it on the floor of the House or Senate as a “Bill” .;Each bill is assigned to a relevant committee.;Figure?3.2??The?Lawmaking??Process Idea/pollcy?stage 观念政策阶段 Introdyced?as?a?Bill作为议案提出 Assigned?to?Committee分配给委员会 Assigned?to?Subcommittee分配给下属委员会 Returns?to?Full?Committee收回到全体委员会 Rules?Committee(House?only)委员会（仅限议院）作出裁议 Full?House?and?Senate?debate全体委员会和参议员辩论Conference?Committee委员会协商Returns?for?full?House?and?Senate?approval返回为了得到全体参众两院批准 President?signs?the?Bill?into?law总统签字议案变成法律Specific?Departments?write??procedures?to?implement?the?law具体部门编写执行法律的程序;The work of committee is structured by its Chair-the senior member of the biggest party-who is attuned to the political desires of his party.;Chairs have considerable power and decided which Bills to consider or ignore-there are far more Bills introduced than committees can handel.;Thus the majority party controls the legislative agenda both through the committees and through the leadership offices of Speaker of the House and of the Senates president “ pro tempore(for the time being-the vice-president is the formal president of the Senate).;The Speaker and Senate president decide on legislative priorities and appoint committee Chairs from members of their own party.;The strength of party affiliation and the influence of the House Speaker or Senate president can be overestimated.;exert vt. 发挥;运用;使受（影响等）;用（力） seniority 美 [si:ni??:r?ti] n. 资历;年资;年长;职位高 委员会主席可以发挥出较大的独立性是资历原则的结果，因此，在委员会工作了很长时间会感觉所有委员是联合领导的。;Powerful Chairs who realize they have reached the limits of their political careers offer majority leaders little leverage.;In?1944?the?seniority?principle?was?broken?temporarily? 。;Newt rich