当代美国 Woman.ppt

The Background of the Second Feminist Movement 1.Social Background 2.Economic Background 3.Political Background 4.Educational Background Liberals the 1964 Cival Rights Act unnecessary Affirmative action programs the Fourteenth Amendment prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin by federal and state governments as well as some public places. Affirmative action is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture. The Equal Protection Clause was created largely in response to the lack of equal protection provided by law in states with Black Codes. Under Black Codes, blacks could not sue, give evidence, or be witnesses. They also were punished more harshly than whites. Workplace environments for women Sexual harassment lawsuits unwanted for making women uncomfortable in their jobs for withholding promotions and pay raises if a woman refuses sex Anita hill and Clarence Thomas Still the term was largely unknown until the early 1990s when Anita Hill witnessed and testified against Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Since Hill testified in 1991, the number of sexual harassment cases reported in US and Canada increased 58 percent and have climbed steadily. By the 1990s,overt signs of gender discrimination had decreased and women were found in increasing numbers in every profession. The gains have been made across racial and ethnic lines. 到了90年代,明显的性别歧视现象已经减少,女性被发现在每个行业的人数越来越多。她们已经跨越种族和民族的界限。 Political Madeleine K.Albright was the first woman to serve as secretary of state(1998-2000) Condoleezza Rice became the first woman to hold the post of national security advisor (2001-05).In 2005,Rice became the first African American woman to be appointed to head the US Department of State. Histioric highs in elected position In 2005 ,14 women held US Senate seats—includeing both senat