文献综述构建.ppt

文献综述中的论述行为 According to Grice (1989),the Co-operative Principle and its associated maxims are universal principles of language use (although people such as Gazdar (1979) have challenged this claim and argued that they are subject to cultural variation). 文献综述中的论述行为 Despite this general consensus, previous findings vary in terms of the exact factor structures that were identified. Some studies found correlated first-order factors (e.g., Bachman Palmer, 1981; Kunnan, 1995), while others found first-order factors as well as a higher-order general factor (e.g., Bachman Palmer, 1982; Sasaki, 1996; Shin, 2005). 文献综述中的论述行为 将文献分类(按研究领域、研究方法等) Integer programming problems are important in a variety of fields, including artificial intelligence and statistics (Pearl 1988, Dawid 1992, Cowell et al. 1999), statistical physics (Barahona 1982), error-correcting coding (Aji et al. 1998, Gallager 1963), and statistical image processing (Besag 1986, Geman and Geman 1984). 文献综述中的论述行为 IRT models have been widely used in language testing to address needs such as developing tests (e.g., Adams, Griffin and -Martin, 1987; de Jong, 1986; Henning, 1984, 1986; Perkins and Miller, 1984; Pollitt and Hutchinson, 1987; Davidson and Henning, 1985; Griffin, 1985; Henning and Davidson, 1987), computer adaptive testing (e.g., Larson, 1987; Alderson, 1986; Tung, 1986), equating tests (Hicks, 1984) and to investigate item bias (e.g., Chen and Henning, 1985; Madsen and Larson, 1986) and convergent validity (e.g., de Jong and Glas, 1987; McNamara, 1990). 文献综述中的论述行为 按时间顺序介绍文献（要体现理论发展） 文献综述中的论述行为 Such a model was proposed in Cohen and Olshtain (1981) (derived from Fraser, 1981) and later developed (both for apologies and requests) in Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) and in Blum-Kulka et al. (1989) into the CCSARP (Cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns) project. 文献综述中的论述行为 引用观点(paraphrase) Redner and Walker (1984) pointed out that the ML approach for finite mixture model could encounter u