组合与聚合.ppt

2.Homogeneity (同类性) 1. Paradigmatic rules A. The minimal-contrast rule (最低特征对比规则) Consider man. Its semantic features include: [+NOUN], [+HUMAN], [+ADULT], [+MALE]… maximal minimal If we change the minimal feature, i.e.: [+NOUN], [+HUMAN], [+ADULT], [-MALE]… We get another word woman. In the same way, we can establish associations between long-short, with a change of feature [±POLAR], is-are with [±PLURAL], is-was with [±PAST], he-him with [±NOMINATIVE], and here-there with [±PROXIMITY]. The minimal-contrast rule can be described as the rule of “changing the sign of one feature beginning with bottommost feature.” B. The feature-deletion and -addition rule (特征的减少和增加规则) We can associate with other words if we delete features from, or add features to, the end of the feature list. Consider: deletion of features: apple-fruit dog-animal addition of features: fruit-apple animal-dog C. The marking rule (标记规则) Words may be associated from marked terms to unmarked terms.（由有标记项引出无标记项）Consider: dogs-dog better-good brought-bring D. The category-preservation rule (范畴保持规则) Preserve the category and subcategorization features as much as possible in paradigmatic responses to a word. Consider the paradigmatic relation between frighten (the man) and beat. The category [+VERB] and subcategorization feature [-NP] and [-ANIMATE] are preserved. 2.Syntagmatic rules A. The selectional feature realization rule (选择性特征体现规则) A word often contains selection features in a certain context. For example, the adjective young. It can be a predicate, modify an animate noun, or be preceded by determiner. The surface realization of the feature for this word is: a (the, this, some, etc.) young boy (girl, dog, cat, etc.) The man is young. B. The idiom-completion rule (成语构成规则) A word often elicits another word to form an idiom. For example, the word bee may stimulate you to associate wit