生物资讯的演算法.PPT

1- Chapter 1 Introduction – Gene(基因) History 1865 Mendel: The basic unit of inheritance is a gene. Mendel’s work was forgotten until 1900s. 1944 The gene was known to be made of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick : Double helical structure of DNA. (雙股螺旋) Introduction – Gene History (Cont.) 1990 The Human Genome Project (人類基 因體計畫 ) started. 1995 The first free-living organism to be sequenced : haemophilus influenzae (流行性感冒嗜血桿菌) 1998 CELERA joined the gene research. 2000 The human DNA sequence draft was completed (published in 2001). Bioinformatics - 國內相關計畫 2000年國科會「生物資訊」跨領域研究 2001年國科會國家型研究計畫 基因體醫學國家型計畫 2001年國科會跨領域專題研究 工程處：資訊科技 生物處：生物資訊 動物細胞(細胞核、細胞質、細胞膜) DNA位於細胞核內之「核仁」 DNA Double Helix (雙股螺旋） DNA Double Helix (雙股螺旋） DNA中核甘酸間之鍵結 核甘酸 核甘酸(Nucleotide)為核酸分子構成單元 核甘酸包含： 五碳糖(去氧核糖, deoxyribose) 磷酸基(phosphate group) 含氮鹼基之一(A、G、C、T、U) DNA四種含氮鹼基 DNA Double Helix (雙股螺旋） DNA Sequence DNA and RNA Nucleotide (核甘酸)： 腺嘌呤 (adenine, A) 鳥糞嘌呤(guanine, G) 胞嘧啶(cytosine, C) 胸腺嘧啶(thymine, T) 尿嘧啶(uracil, U) DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid , 去氧核糖核酸) {A, G, C, T} (base pair: G?C, A=T ) RNA(ribonucleic acid, 核糖核酸) {A, G, C, U} (base pair: G?C, A=U, G?U ) DNA Length The total length of the human DNA is about 3?109 (30億) base pairs. 1% ~ 1.5% of DNA sequence is useful. # of human genes: 30,000~40,000 Conclusion from the human genome project Expected # is 100,000 originally. DNA Sequencing(定序) Given DNA sequence: TGCACTTGACGCATGCT Cut the sequence after random A: ATGCT length=5 ACGCATGCT length=9 AACGCATGCT length=10 ACTTGAACGCATGCT length=15 DNA Sequencing 電泳法(eletrophoresis) DNA Sequencing Amino Acids (胺基酸) General Structure of an Amino Acid Amino Acids (胺基酸)分子 Amino Acids (胺基酸)分子 Protein (蛋白質)分子