肿瘤分子病理诊断基础-2.ppt

* * * * * * * * * NCCN是21家世界顶级癌症中心组成的非营利性学术联盟，其制订的《NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南》不仅是美国肿瘤领域临床决策的标准，也已成为全球肿瘤临床实践中应用最为广泛的指南，在中国也得到了广大肿瘤医生的认可与青睐。 * Figure 1. Example of the Response to Gefitinib in a Patient with Refractory Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. A computed tomographic scan of the chest in Patient 6 shows a large mass in the right lung before treatment with gefitinib was begun (Panel A) and marked improvement six weeks after gefitinib was initiated (Panel B). Patient 6 was representative of the cohort. This patient, a 32-year-old man with no history of smoking, presented with multiple brain lesions and bronchoalveolar carcinoma in the right lung. He was treated with whole-brain radiotherapy, followed by a series of chemotherapy regimens (carboplatin and gemcitabine, docetaxel, and vinorelbine) to which his tumor did not respond. With a declining functional status and progressive lung-tumor burden, he started therapy with 250 mg of gefitinib per day. His dyspnea promptly improved, and computed tomography of the lung six weeks after the initiation of treatment revealed a dramatic improvement * The human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs,and these are portioned out into 23 chromosomes. A normal human cell has 2 copies of the genome, one fromthe father and one from the mother. Each has that 3 billionbase pairs, for a total of 6 billion base pairs per cell. Since each base pair is composed of 2 nucleotides, thereis a grand total of 12 billion nucleotides in a normal humancell.  * * * * GeneScan analysis of Ig/TCR products. (a) In GeneScan analysis one of the primers is fluorescently labeled. Resulting fluorescently-labeled products are denatured and the single-strandeds molecules are electrically separated in a high resolution polymer matrix and detected by a laser. In the electropherogram fluorescence intensity (Y-axis) is shown as a function of PCR product size (X-axis). (b) In a polyclonal sample with reactive lymphocytes many different PCR products are foun