简明语言学教程选读.docx

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics?什么是语言学[A] The definition of linguisticsLinguisticsis generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究)Process of linguistic study:① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed；观察现象后总结② Hypotheses are formulated;提出假说③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations;通过观察考证假说④ A linguistic theory is constructed.构建出语言学理论[B] The scope of linguisticsGeneral linguistics(1-6) : the study of language as a whole从整体研究1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) 2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.(How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning)3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words)4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences)5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of useSociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mindApplied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning（应用语言学：使用语言学理论进行语言教学和学习）Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics①Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性与描写性 (现代语言研究写多为描写性)Two different types of linguistic study. Descriptive study aims to describe and analyze the language people use. Prescriptive study aims to laydown rules for correct and standard.②Synchronic vs. Diachronic共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性，特别是当代共时）The description of a language at some point in time;The de