清末民初丁义华在华活动述论.pdfVIP

A b s t r a c t : T h e late Q in g an d E arly R ep u b lic w a s a p erio d o f C h in e se so c ia l an d p o litica l u nre st, d ifferen t id eo lo g y in m o d ern C h in a . T h e d efeat o f th e F irst O p iu m W ar an d th e sig n o f th e T reaty o f N an k in g led th e C h in ese so c ia l n atu re h av e ch an g ed . A s th e ex p an sion o f so c ia l co n ta cts b etw een C h in e se an d W estern , C h in a fe lt th e g ap w ith th e w est in crea sin g ly . H ow to ch an g e th e statu s o f C h in a b e cam e th e h igh ly co n cern ed p ro b lem s o f in sigh t m an . S o cia l reform ation b ecam e o n e o f th e im p o rtan t w ay s. In C h in ese so c iety at th at tim e, in ad d itio n to lo ca l p o litician s, m issio n arie s cam e to C h in a to p artic ip ate th e refo rm ation a ctiv itie s. T h is p ap er ex p o u n d s E d w ard W a ite T h w in g p a sto r o f th e U n ited S tate s is o n e o f th e ty p ic a l p a sto r. P rie st E d w ard W a ite T h w in g ( 1 8 68 ― — ？ ) ， stu d ied early in th e P rin ceto n th eo lo g ical sem in ary , b y th e U .S . o v ersea s m issio n ary m o v em en t in flu en c e, an d c am e to C h in a in A u gu st 1 88 7 to h is so c ia l activ ities. In 1 9 0 8 h e acc ep ted th e p o sitio n o f th e In tern atio n a l R e form B u reau , fu rth er fo u g h t p ro h ib ition o f o p iu m in C h in a . T h w in g s a ctiv itie s in C h in a, a cco m p lish ed o n th e b ase o f d eta ile d so c ia l su rv ey . It m a in ly d iv id ed in to tw o a sp e cts : th e first o n e w a s p ro h ib itio n o f op ium in C h in a . T h e m o v em en t w a s T h w in g s m a in ta sk th at ac cep ted in 1 9 0 8 fro m th e In tern atio n a l R e fo rm B u reau o f th e U n ited S tates .H e su rv ey ed from C h in a an d ab ro ad , in v e stig ated d