管理学原理英文版c11.ppt

Leadership and Trust L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E S Define leader and leadership Compare and contrast early leadership theories Describe the four major contingency leadership theories Describe modern views of leadership and the issues facing today’s leaders Discuss trust as the essence of leadership Substitutes for Leadership Employee Characteristics Experience Training Professional orientation Indifference toward organizational regards Job Characteristics Unambiguous Routine Intrinsically satisfying Organizational characteristics Explicit formalized goals Rigid rules and procedures Cohesive work groups Our definition of a leader is someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority. Leadership is a process of leading a group and influencing that group to achieve its goals. It’s what leaders do. * The search for traits or characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders dominated early leadership research efforts. If the concept of traits were valid, all leaders would have to possess specific characteristics. * However, later attempts to identify traits consistently associated with leadership (the process, not the person) were more successful. The seven traits shown to be associated with effective leadership are described briefly in Exhibit 11-1 * A number of studies looked at behavioral styles. We’ll briefly review three of the most popular: Kurt Lewin’s studies at the University of Iowa, the Ohio State studies, and the University of Michigan studies. Then we’ll see how the concepts developed in those studies were used in a grid created for appraising leadership styles * One of the first studies of leadership behavior was done by Kurt Lewin and his associates at the University of Iowa. Researchers explored three leadership behaviors or styles: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. An autocratic style is that of a leader who typically tends to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee