语用学chapter3 Morphology.ppt

英语语言学 Chapter 3 Morphology(形态学) It is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. What is a morpheme? It is the smallest meaningful unit in a language which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, eg, pine→pin /e (if “pine is divided into pin and e ,the meaning has been changed.) 1)A word can consist of one or more than one morphemes, eg, “a barking dog” 2)A morpheme is different from a phoneme(语素是语言中最小意义单位的载体，本身有意义；音位是能区别意义的最小单位，本身没有意义)eg, pan—ban; barks(-s 在这有表示复数的语法意义，故它是语素，而“p ，b”在这本身没有意义，但有区别两词意义的作用，所以它们是不同的音位。 Types of morphemes Free morpheme and bound morpheme In terms of their capacity of occurring ,morphemes can be classified into free morpheme and bound morpheme(自由和粘着语素)。Free morpheme refers to a linguistic form which can stand by itself as a simple word ,eg. “they, dance, in, a, bed ”; bound morpheme refers to a linguistic form which is never used alone but must be with another morpheme, eg, “inter-nation-al ,dog-s”. Points noticed: A)Some free morphemes never go together with bound morphemes, eg, very→※veryly; B) bound morphemes may be attached to other bound morphemes, eg, re-ceive; per-mit.C) free morphemes may be combined to form compound words: play-boy; baby-sit. D)lexical morphemes(词汇语素)consist of the content words while functional morphemes(功能语素) consist of the functional words.eg, “Bush is going to the hell.” Root, affix and stem 1)A root (词根) is a kind of morpheme which is basic part of the word and it may occur by itself ,eg, man/manly/manhood 2) Root morphemes (词根语素)may be free or bound, eg, “-ceive” in “receive, perceive, conceive”; “-mit in remit, permit,”;“-tain in retain, contain ,maintain” etc. Affix (词缀) is a kind of bound morpheme which can be added to a word and can change the meaning/function of the word. eg, kind/unkind (改变意义)kindness（改变功能） According to their location, affix can be divided into 3 types: prefix(前缀),it us