供给与需求：市场和福利(经济学原理曼昆中英文双语).ppt

Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets消费者、生产者与市场效率 Chapter 7 Revisiting the Market Equilibrium Do the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers? Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. Whether the market allocation is desirable is determined by welfare economics. 回顾市场均衡 市场均衡价格和数量能否使买者和卖者的总利益最大化？ 市场均衡反映了市场配置稀缺资源的方式。 市场配置资源是否合意可以根据福利经济学理论判定。 Welfare Economics Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Buyers and sellers receive benefits from taking part in the market. The equilibrium in a market maximizes the total welfare of buyers and sellers. 福利经济学 福利经济学——研究资源配置如何影响经济福利 。 买者和卖者可以从参与市场活动中获得利益。 市场均衡可以使买者和卖者的总利益最大化。 Welfare Economics 福利经济学 Equilibrium in the market results in maximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product. 市场均衡使利益最大化，即使产品的消费者和生产者的总利益最大化。 Welfare Economics 福利经济学 Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyer’s side. 消费者剩余从消费者角度衡量经济福利。 Producer surplus measures economic welfare from the seller’s side. 生产者剩余从生产者角度衡量经济福利。 Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余 Willingness to pay is the maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. 支付意愿——买者为某种物品愿意和能够支付的最高价格。 It measures how much the buyer values the good or service. 它衡量买者对物品的评价是多少。 Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余 Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. 消费者剩余 ——买者支付意愿减去买者的实际支付量。 Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay... 四个可能买者的支付意愿… Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余 The market demand curve depicts the various quantities that buyers would be willing and able to purchase at different prices. 市场需求曲线表示在不同价格水平下，买者愿意和能够购买的数量。 The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve 需求表与需求曲线 Figure 1 The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve 图1. 需求表与需求曲线 Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve... 用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余... Figure 2 Me