仪器分析英文课件Chapter1-Introduction13.ppt

* * INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS Chapter 1. Introduction Analytical Chemistry: determining the chemical composition of samples of matter. Qualitative analysis: identify of functional groups, or atomic, molecular structure of analyte ( what?) Quantitative analysis: amount of analyte ( how much?) 1.1 Classical methods (Chemical analysis) Qualitative analysis: Analytes Products recognized yield treated with reagents Colors Boiling (melting) points Solubilities Odors Optical activities Refractive indexes Quantitative analysis: gravimetric; titrimetric §1. Classification of analytical methods 1.2 Instrumental methods (Instrumental analysis) Early in 20th century Measurements of physical (chemical) properties of analytes: -conductivity; electrode potential; light absorption (emission); mass-to-charge ratio; fluorescence Highly efficient chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques replaced Distillation, extraction, precipitation a. Development of instruments and computer b. Development of separation methods c. classification of instrumental analysis Optical Analysis (spectrometry); Electrochemical Analysis; Chromatography…………… §2 types of instrumental methods Chemical (physical) characteristics Emission of radiation Absorption of radiation Scattering of radiation Diffraction of radiation Rotation of radiation Electrical potential Electrical charge Electrical current Electrical resistance Mass Mass-to-charge ratio Rate of reaction Thermal characteristics Radioactivity Instrumental methods Emission spectroscopy, fluorescence, phosphorescence, luminescence Absorption spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy X-Ray diffraction Circular dichroism Potentiometry, chronopotentiometry Coulometry Amperometry, polarography Conductometry Quartz crystal microbalance Mass spectrometry Kinetic methods Thermal gravimetry and titrimetry Activation and isotope dilution methods §3 Instruments for analysis manipulated and interpreted by human Overall process of instrumental measurement Data d