企业行为与产业组织(经济学原理曼昆中英文双语).ppt

The Costs of roduction生产成本 Chapter 13 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often. Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. 供给与需求的市场力量 供给与需求是经济学家最常用的两个词。 供给与需求是使市场经济运行的力量。 现代微观经济学就是研究供给、需求与市场均衡的学科。 WHAT ARE COSTS? According to the Law of Supply: Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high. This results in a supply curve that slopes upward. 什么是成本? 根据供给规律: 当一种物品价格高时，厂商愿意生产和销售的更多。 这导致供给曲线向上倾斜。 WHAT ARE COSTS? The Firm’s Objective The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits. 什么是成本? 企业的目标 企业的经济目标是利润最大化 Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit总收入、总成本与利润 Total Revenue 总收入 The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. 企业销售产品所得 Total Cost 总成本 The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production. 企业用于生产的投入要素的市场价值。 A Firm’s Profit 公司利润 Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost. Profit = Total revenue - Total cost 利润＝总收入－总成本 Costs as Opportunity Costs A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services. Explicit and Implicit Costs A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs. Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm. Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm. 成本是机会成本 一个企业的生产成本包括生产物品与劳务量的所有机会成本。 显性成本和隐性成本 一个企业的生产成本包括显性成本与隐性成本。 显性成本— 要求企业直接支付货币的投入要素成本。 隐性成本—不要求企业支付货币的投入要素成本。 Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit). Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs. In other words, they ignore the implicit costs. 经济利润与会计利润 经济学家计量企业的经济利润，即企业的总收益减去生产所销售物品和劳务的所有机会成本（显性