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GRE写作issue满分素材之垄断形式-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料
GRE写作issue满分素材之垄断形式-智课教育旗下智课
教育
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四大垄断形式II :信托
B. Trust
American history is replete with attempts by producers either
to organize or to engage in practices that give them, in effect,
monopoly power, although competition may still appear to exist.
One of the earliest means used by producers to create an
effective monopoly while retaining some semblance of
competition was the trust. This is a device by which the real
control of a company is transferred to an individual or small
group by an exchange of shares of stock for trust certificates,
which are issued by the individuals seeking control. The
widespread abuse of this technique after the American Civil War
eventually led to passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), a
law designed to make illegal all trusts and other combinations
that aimed to create monopolies in restraint of interstate
commerce. A similar device is the holding company, which issues
its own stock shares for sale to the public and “holds” or
controls other companies by owning their shares. Such an
arrangement is not necessarily illegal, unless created specifically
to monopolize commerce in interstate trade.
四大垄断形式III :卡特尔
C. Cartels
Today perhaps the best-known form of combination is the
cartel because of the widespread attention given to the activities
of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC.
A cartel is an organization formed by producers whose purpose
is to allocate market shares, control production, and regulate
prices. OPEC does all these things, but its most highly publicized
acts have been to set the world price for
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