消费者生产者与生产效率英文版.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS * P Q How a Lower Price Reduces PS If P falls to $30, PS = ? x 15 x $15 = $112.50 Two reasons for the fall in PS. S 1. Fall in PS due to sellers leaving market 2. Fall in PS due to remaining sellersgetting lower P P Q supply curve A. Find marginal seller’s cost at Q = 10. B. Find total PS for P = $20. Suppose P rises to $30.Find the increase in PS due to… C. selling 5 additional units D. getting a higher price on the initial 10 units * A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Producer surplus A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Answers P Q supply curve A. At Q = 10, marginal cost = $20 B. PS = ? x 10 x $20  = $100 P rises to $30. C. PS on additional units= ? x 5 x $10 = $25 D. Increase in PS on initial 10 units= 10 x $10 = $100 * CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS * CS, PS, and Total Surplus消费者剩余，生产者剩余，总剩余 CS = (value to buyers) – (amount paid by buyers) = buyers’ gains from participating in the market PS = (amount received by sellers) – (cost to sellers) = sellers’ gains from participating in the market Total surplus = CS + PS = total gains from trade in a market = (value to buyers) – (cost to sellers) CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS * P Q $ D S CS of single buyer PS of single seller CS of all buyers PS of all sellers Surplus of the market CS, PS, and Total Surplus消费者剩余，生产者剩余，总剩余 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS * The Market’s Allocation of Resources In a market economy, the allocation of resources is decentralized （权力下放）, determined by the interactions of many self-interested buyers and sellers. Is the market’s allocation of resources desirable （合意）? Or would a different allocation of resources make society better off? To answer this, we use total