第一章孔德的实证主义社会学.ppt

2、Basic Weaknesses in Comte’ Theory The issue here is：Where and how Comte go wrong in his social theorizing？ First，Comte’s theory was overly influenced by the trials and tribulations of his own life. Second, Comte seemed to fall increasingly out of touch with the real world. After Positive Philosophy, his theories were characterized by a spinning out of the internal logic of his own ideas. Third, Comte also grew progressively out of touch with the intellectual work of his time. Indeed, he is famous for practicing cerebral hygiene rather early in his life. Fourth, he failed as a positivist, both in his empirical and in his theoretical work. Fifth, although Comte is credited with creating sociology, there is very little actual sociology in his work. Sixth, it can be argued that Comte really made no original contributions. Seventh, whatever sociology Comte did have to offer was distorted by a primitive organicism, in which he saw strong similarities between the workings of the human and the social body. Eighth, Comte tended to develop theoretical ways of thinking and theoretical tools that he thin imposed on whatever issue he happened to be analyzing. Ninth, Comte’s “outrageous”, “colossal” self-conceit led him to make a series of ridiculous blunders. Tenth, Comte seemed to sacrifice much of what he stood for in his later turn toward positivist religion. Finally, there is the issue of the totalitarian implications of Comte’s plans for the future. 人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力， 明辨是非的能力。 所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读， 古人说“书中自有黄金屋。 ”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识， 培养逻辑思维能力； 通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平， 培养文学情趣； 通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。 有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操， 给我们巨大的精神力量， 鼓舞我们前进。 * （二）作为实证科学的社会学 1、孔德建立社会学的初衷 天体、物理、化学、生物都已成为独立的学问，只有关于社会现象的研究，尚未进入实证阶段而成为真正的科学，孔德要做的就是建立这样的一门科学。他最初命名这门科学为“社会物理学”，认为它不仅能解释人类的过去，还能够预测社会发展的未来。后来改为社会学。 2、社会学与科学体系中其他各门科学的关系 （1）对生物学的依赖 （2）关于社会学与生物学的相似之处： 研究对象的整体性质，即对生物现象和社会现象的研究，只有在把握其整体之后，才能够清楚地认识其组成部分，遵循的是从复杂到简单的研究程序。 （3）社会学与生物学的不同之处 生物学研究对象是个体有机体，个体有机休一般是不变化的，而且不能进行广泛分工和高度合作；社会学的研究对象则是社会有