仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage4-205 HOLDING.ppt

ENROUTE Holding Procedures Purposes for Holding Method of delaying airborne aircraft to help maintain separation to provide a smooth flow of traffic Weather Clearance limit reached Traffic volume becomes overwhelming Radar failure Manage traffic in non-radar areas Required following a missed approach To gain altitude or lose excess altitude Anatomy of Holding Pattern Holding Terms HOLDING CLEARANCE DIRECTION TO HOLD FROM FIX (The physical location of the INBOUND LEG rounded to the nearest of the 8 CARDINAL COMPASS POINTS) HOLDING FIX COURSE (RADIAL, BEARING, AIRWAY) DIRECTION OF TURNS (IF LEFT TURNS) LEG LENGTH (IF DME OR GPS) EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE (EFC) TIME Holding Pattern Entries Entry depends on magnetic heading relative to holding course at the fix. Three Types Direct Teardrop Parallel Direct Entry 180° sector approaching fix Fly to fix and turn in appropriate direction First turn is always in the direction of the hold Teardrop Entry Turn to heading 30° from outbound heading “LARS”: (Left Add/ Right Subtract) (based on direction of turns in the hold: L/R) Maintain for 1 minute Parallel Entry Fly parallel to inbound leg using outbound heading on non-holding side for 1 minute Re-intercept course from holding side Visualizing Entry Procedures There are many different techniques for visualizing holding entry. Keep in mind that the less “head down” time in the cockpit the better for IFR flight. 1) know where you are 2) know where you want to go 3) know the pattern orientation 4) visualize on heading indicator 5) fly the picture The 70° Rule Procedure Compare cardinal direction to holding course If they agree, then the Holding course = Outbound HDG Holding course is the direction specified in your clearance Left turns use T-P-D Right turns use P-T-D Refer to the diagram The 70 degree (T) sector will always be on the same side as direction of turns in the hold Whichever sector the holding direction (OUTBOUND HEADING) falls in will determine the best