仪表飞行员地面课程Lesson 9.ppt

Sierra Academy of Aeronautics IR Ground Lesson 9 Holds Holding A place to “pull over” in the air for spacing or altitude adjustments. Standard (Right) vs. Nonstandard (Left) Timing (Inbound Leg): At or below 14,000’ MSL – 1 minute Above 14,000’ MSL – 1 ? minutes *Adjust outbound time to achieve inbound time. Holding (cont.) Max Holding Speeds: 6,000’ or less 200 KIAS 6,001’ – 14,000’ 230 KIAS 14,001’ and up 265 KIAS *Sometimes published as 210 KIAS or 175 KIAS *Must slow down within 3 minutes of arriving at fix. Holds (cont.) Holding Instructions: Direction of hold from fix (i.e.. N,SE…) Name of holding fix Radial, bearing, or airway to use for holding course (if not published) Length of outbound leg if DME hold Direction of turns if left (nonstandard) EFC (expect further clearance time) Holding (cont.) Holding Pattern Descriptive Terms Holds (cont.) Hold Entries: Direct Teardrop Parallel *Designed to contain aircraft within “protected airspace” throughout entry. Holds (cont.) Examples of published holds on L-charts Arrival charts Note that these holds allow a Direct entry Holds Method # 1 The AIM’s recommendation for proper pattern entry Standard Hold Non-standard Hold A B C C C C A B Holds Method # 1 (cont.) Use a visualization aid and place it onto the holding fix. Then visualize which side you are approaching from. In a Standard Pattern arriving from sector: A - use Parallel entry B - use Teardrop entry C - use Direct entry A B C C C Holds Method # 2 Use the visualization aid and place it onto the heading indicator to determine which sector the inbound leg falls into. Right Turns (standard) Left Turns (non-standard) Holds (cont.) An easy way to remember: Imagine a pencil held horizontally across the DG. For a right hand pattern raise the right side of the pencil 20 deg. Label the top sectors Parallel and Teardrop, the bottom one Direct. Whatever sector the assigned radial falls in determines the correct entry. Eg. “Hold southwest on the 210 radia