克拉霉素 Clarithromycin.doc

Clarithromycin Common brand name: Biaxin Description: Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is related to erythromycin. Clarithromycin is acid stable and is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, irrespective of the presence of food. As the best absorbed macrolide, it has a bioavailability of 50%. A steady state is usually achieved after five doses. Clarithromycin concentrates well in tissues. The resultant tissue-serum ratio is greater than that of erythromycin but less than that of azithromycin. Its half-life is 3 to 7 hours, allowing twice daily administration, either orally or intravenously, with similar efficacy. Many Gram-positive microbes quickly develop resistance to clarithromycin after standard courses of treatment, most frequently by acquisition of the erm(B) gene, which confers high-level resistance to all macrolides. HYPERLINK /wiki/Clarithromycin \l cite_note-15 [15] Its antibacterial spectrum is the same as erythromycin, but it is also active against  HYPERLINK /wiki/Mycobacterium_avium \o Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium avium complex MAV, M. leprae, and  HYPERLINK /wiki/Atypical_mycobacteria \o Atypical mycobacteria atypical mycobacteria. Side effects /wiki/Clarithromycin The most common (1%) side effects are gastrointestinal:  HYPERLINK /wiki/Diarrhea \o Diarrhea diarrhea,  HYPERLINK /wiki/Nausea \o Nausea nausea, abdominal pain, and  HYPERLINK /wiki/Vomiting \o Vomiting vomiting. It also can cause headaches,  HYPERLINK /wiki/Insomnia \o Insomnia insomnia, and abnormal  HYPERLINK /wiki/Liver_function_tests \o Liver function tests liver function tests. Allergic reactions include rashes and  HYPERLINK /wiki/Anaphylaxis \o Anaphylaxis anaphylaxis. Less common side effects include extreme irritability, hallucinations (auditory and visual), dizziness/motion sickness, and alteration in senses of smell and taste, including a metallic taste. Dry mouth, panic attacks, and nightmares have also been reported,