全球化英语.ppt

1.2.2 The Period of Middle English (1100-1500)(中古英语时期) The next impact upon English:the conquest of England by the Norman French Characteristics of Middle English Inflections (internal change in the forms of words and endings tacked onto words) were disappearing and part of their job was being done by prepositions and by the arrangement of words within the sentence. It was a language of leveled endings (词形变化削减). The loss of final syllables increasingly led to the loss of grammatical gender, the simplification of plural formation, and the widespread loss of inflectional morphemes.) Other borrowings into Middle English During this period, Britain had trade relations with the low countries, esp. Holland. As a result, as many as 2,500 words of Dutch origin found their way into English, such as deck, freight, stoop. Caxton words 1.2.3 The Period of Modern English The process of printing from movable type was introduced into England about 1476 by William Caxton(c. 1442-1491). Modern English began in England during the Elizabethan era which is also around the time of the great playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Other important influences The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453), the rise of an important middle class, the Renaissance (文艺复兴), the development of England as a maritime power, the expansion of the British Empire, and the growth of commerce and industry, of science and literature, have, each in their way, contributed to the development of the English language. A dictionary of English by Robert Cawdrey in 1604 Sample entry from Walker’s Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (first edition 1791) The standardization of Modern English Early Modern English lacked uniformity in spelling, but Samuel Johnsons dictionary, published in 1755 in England, was influential in establishing a standard form of spelling. Noah Webster did the same in America, publishing his dictionary in 1828. Dr. Johnson (1709-1784) * * The Celts The Celts: the first Britons Some people have design