压力管理心理学第六讲_群体行为的基础.ppt

令人非常心痛的评价 一个中国人是条龙，一群中国人是群虫！ 上世纪九十年代国内外对中国留学生的评价 Defining and Classifying Groups Defining and Classifying Groups (cont’d) Why People Join Groups The Five-Stage Model of Group Development …Group Development (cont’d) Stages of Group Development Group Properties Roles Norms Status Size Cohesiveness Group Properties - Roles Group Properties - Roles (cont’d) Zimbardos Prison Experiment Group Properties - Norms Group Norms The Hawthorne Studies A series of studies undertaken by Elton Mayo at Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works in Chicago between 1924 and 1932. Research Conclusions: Worker behavior and sentiments were closely related. Group influences (norms) were significant in affecting individual behavior. Group standards (norms) were highly effective in establishing individual worker output. Money was less a factor in determining worker output than were group standards, sentiments, and security. 霍桑实验 霍桑是一家工厂，它位于芝加哥，它的设备完善，福利优越，设有良好的娱乐设施、医疗制度和养老金制度，但工人们仍愤愤不平，生产效率一直不理想。为此，美国国家研究委员会组织了一个包括各方面专家在内的研究小组，进行调查研究。其中包括照明实验、继电器装配实验、会见与交谈实验、绕线观察实验。实验的结果表明，原来假定的对工厂生产效率起影响作用的照明条件、休息时间、福利以及薪水的高低与工作效率相关很低，而工厂内自由宽容的群体气氛、工人的工作情绪、责任感与工作效率的相关程度较大。也就是说改善员工的士气以及人与人的关系、人与企业的关系，使人们心情愉快地工作，并对自己的工作感到满意，这才是增加产量、提高生产率的决定因素。 Group Properties - Norms (cont’d) Group Properties - Norms (cont’d) Typology of Deviant Workplace Behavior Group Properties - Status Group Properties - Size Group Properties - Cohesiveness Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and Productivity Group Decision Making Decision-making Large groups facilitate the pooling of information about complex tasks. Smaller groups are better suited to coordinating and facilitating the implementation of complex tasks. Simple, routine standardized tasks reduce the requirement that group processes be effective in order for the group to perform well. Group Decision Making (cont’d) Strengths More complete information Increased diversity of views Higher quality of deci