原油的一次加工.ppt

Chapter2 One-step Refining of Crude Oil原油的一次加工 Ma tingxia Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System 炼油系统的装置与设备概况 SectionI Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration 原油脱盐、脱水 Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System Crude oil which is mined from the oil field contains water, inorganic salts, organic acid salt, metal-organic compounds, silt particle and other impurities, which in the subsequent processing operations can lead to the increase of energy consumption, equipment corrosion, and decrease of product quality, increase of metal content, catalyst contamination or poisoning. 从油田开采出来的原油都含有水、无机盐、有机酸盐、金属有机化合物、泥砂及其它杂质。可导致后续加工中的能耗增加、操作波动、设备腐蚀、产品质量下降、金属含量增加、催化剂污染或中毒等. Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System 。 In general, the inorganic substance in crude oil that can be soluble in water, such as acid, alkali, salt and other minerals, mostly can be removed by washing methods. Some of the water-insoluble impurities can be adsorbed on the surface of solid particles or gathered at the top of the water droplet surface. It can precipitate with solids or droplets and separate from oil. Small molecular water-soluble organic acid soap (such as sodium naphthenate) can also be discharged with the water. But there is still some water existing in crude oil as emulsification state and can not be removed. There is salt in crude oil that canbe soluble in water, so desalination and dehydration are carried out at the same time. Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System 一般来说，原油中溶于水的酸、碱、盐等无机物，大部分可用水洗的方法可以除去。某些不溶于水的杂质可吸附在固体颗粒表面上或聚集在水滴表面，随固体物或水滴一同沉淀，与油分离。小分子水溶性有机酸皂类(如环烷酸钠)也可随水排出。但仍有部分水以乳化状态存在于原油中而不能脱除。原油中还有盐溶于水中，故脱盐脱水是同时进行的. 为了脱除悬浮在原油中的盐，在原油中需注入一定量的新鲜水(注入量一般为5%)，充分混合，然后在破乳剂和高压电场的作用下，使微小水滴受电场极化作用聚集成较大水滴，借油水密度差作用从油中沉降分离，达到脱盐脱水的目的，这通常称为电化学脱盐脱水过程。 In order to remove salt suspended in the crude oil, a certain amount of fresh water is required to inject in crude oil (injection rate is generally 5%) and mix them thoroughly, then under the