合作语言教学法.ppt

Cooperative Language Learning Contents Definition of CLL Theoretical background of CLL Design Conclusions Cooperative Language Learning (CLL) is part of a more general instructional approach also known asCollaborative Learning (CL) Cooperative learning is group learning activity organized so that learning is dependent on the socially structured exchange of information between learners in groups and in which each learner is held accountable for his or her own learning and is motivated to increase the learning of others. (Olsen and Kagan 1992:8) Definition Communicative approach In the ESL classroom, CLL is seen as an extension of Communication Language Teaching that tends to be more learner-centered. Theoretical Background Constructivism John Dewey (1913) is usually considered to have founded the theory of constructivism; he disapproved of approaches that saw students simply as recipients of the teacher’s knowledge but favored methods that allowed students to “construct their own knowledge through experience and problem solving” (Larsen-Freeman Anderson 2011, p. 151). Types of learning and teaching activities Formal cooperative learning groups: These last from one class period to several weeks. These are established for a specific task and involve students working together to achieve shared learning goals. Informal cooperative learning groups: These are ad-hoc groups that last from a few minutes to a class period and are used to focus student attention or to facilitate learning during direct teaching. ?Cooperative base groups: These are long term, lasting for at least a year and consist of heterogeneous learning groups with stable membership whose primary purpose is to allow members to give each other the support, help, encouragement, and assistance they need to succeed academically. Olsen and Kagan (1992) propose the following key elements of successful group-based learning in CL: Positive interdependence Group formation