后殖民翻译.ppt

Postcolonial Approaches “后殖民”这一术语有不同涵义。美国翻译理论家罗宾逊(Douglas Robinson)在给“后殖民翻译研究”(Postcolonial Translation Studies)下定义时,列出了“后殖民”的三个时间段:一、殖民地独立以后;二、殖民地开始以后;三、以权力关系为参照的后殖民主义视角———全部人类历史。 术语“后殖民主义”是斯皮瓦克在1990年出版的访谈与会议及《后殖民批评家》中提出来的；后殖民翻译研究是美国学者罗宾逊1997年提出来的。 While translation may facilitate cultural contact，it is generated by difference and deals with difference. Traditionally, translation has been viewed as representing the other，yet “these representations will shift as they are constructed by different groups with their own senses of identity，groups both internal and external to a nation.” In addition，a difference “is often established by translations. Thus，the process of translation is powerful，and it is not innocent.” Tymoczko provides examples of how the history of the English colonization and oppression of Ireland can be traced in `translation practices. Asymmetrical power relations are the refrain of translation in a postcolonial context. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s essay “The Politics of Translation”（1992/2000）and Tejaswini Niranjana’s Siting Translation：history，post-structuralism and the colonial context （1992 ) are among the seminal works in the interface between translation and postcolonialism. Asymmetrical power relations in a postcolonial context also form the thread of the important collection of essays entitled Postcolonial Translation：theory and practice（1999），edited by Susan Bassnett and HarishTrivedi. Spivak’s essay brings together feminist，postcolonialist and poststructuralist approaches. Tensions between the different approaches are highlighted, with Spivak speaking out against Western feminists who expect feminist writing from outside Europe to be translated into the language of power----English. Such translation，in Spivak’s view，is often expressed in ‘translationese’ which eliminates the identity of politically less powerful individuals and cultures. According to Spivak，“in the act of wholesale translation into English there can be a betrayal of t