国际经济学克鲁格曼课件8.ppt

Chapter 8 Firms in the Global Economy: Export Decisions, Outsourcing, and Multinational Enterprises Preview Monopolistic competition and trade The significance of intra-industry trade Firm responses to trade: winners, losers, and industry performance Dumping Multinationals and outsourcing Introduction When economies of scale exist, large firms may be more efficient than small firms, and the industry may consist of a monopoly or a few large firms. Production may be imperfectly competitive in the sense that excess or monopoly profits are captured by large firms. Internal economies of scale result when large firms have a cost advantage over small firms, causing the industry to become uncompetitive. Introduction (cont.) Internal economies of scale imply that a firm’s average cost of production decreases the more output it produces. Perfect competition that drives the price of a good down to marginal cost would imply losses for those firms because they would not be able to recover the higher costs incurred from producing the initial units of output. As a result, perfect competition would force those firms out of the market. Introduction (cont.) In most sectors, goods are differentiated from each other and there are other differences across firms. Integration causes the better-performing firms to thrive and expand, while the worse-performing firms contract. Additional source of gain from trade: As production is concentrated toward better-performing firms, the overall efficiency of the industry improves. Study why those better-performing firms have a greater incentive to engage in the global economy. The Theory of Imperfect Competition In imperfect competition, firms are aware that they can influence the prices of their products and that they can sell more only by reducing their price. This situation occurs when there are only a few major producers of a particular good or when each firm produces a good that is differentiated from that of rival firms. Each firm views it