国际贸易Chapter4 Resources, Comparative Advantage, and Income Distribution(选修).ppt

4-* Fig. 4-13: Trading Equilibrium The Gains from Trade Trade expands the economy’s consumption possibilities and maximize the utility(交换所得). In the absence of trade the economy would have to consume what it produced. It is possible for a trading economy to consume more of both goods than it would have in the absence of trade. The point of consumption in the trading economy is at a higher indifference curve. Trade promotes the specialization of production in the good that is intensive in its abundant factors of production(分工所得). 4-* Figure: The Gains from Trade 4-* A B C S CIC0 CIC’ CIC1 Budget constraint (slope=-PC/PF) Quantity of food Quantity of cloth Budget constraint (slope=-P*C/P*F) A点到B点的变动为交换所得， B点到C点的变动为分工所得。 Discussion: Factor Endowment and “the comparative advantage trap” in China 什么是“比较优势陷阱”？ 中国依靠劳动力成本优势获得了对外贸易的长足发展，对经济增长作出了哪些贡献？ 近年来，中国的对外贸易发展越来越受到“比较优势陷阱”的制约，为什么？ 如何跨越“比较优势陷阱”？ 4-* Trade and relative prices converge Trade leads to a convergence of relative prices(贸易导致产品相对价格的收敛). When Home and Foreign trade with each other, their relative prices converge. The relative price of cloth rise in Home and declines in Foreign, and a new world relative price of cloth is established at a point somewhere between the pretrade relative prices, say at point 2. 4-* 4-* Fig. 4-11: Trade Leads to a Convergence of Relative Prices 贸易前，点1是本国的均衡点， 点3是外国的均衡点。贸易后， 世界棉布的相对价格位于贸易 前两国棉布的相对价格之间， 如点2所示。 4-* Trade and Income Distribution Trade increase income inequality between abundant factor and scarce factor. Stolper-Samuelson theorem :长期内，出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素（本国的充裕要素）的报酬提高；进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素（本国的稀缺要素）的报酬下降。 A rise in the price of cloth raises the purchasing power of domestic workers, but lowers the purchasing power of domestic land owners. The model predicts that owners of abundant factors gain with trade, but owners of scarce factors lose. 4-* Does Trade Increase Income Inequality?贸易加剧收入不平等了吗？ Over the last 40 years, countries like South Korea, Mexico, and China have exported to