外教英语PPT启蒙运动the enlightenment.ppt

The Enlightenment What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th century that led to a whole new world view. According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784) Key Vocabulary Enlightenment: a period during the 1600s and 1700s in which educated Europeans changed their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress. Age of Reason: another name for the Enlightenment Salons: in France, a simple meeting of philosophers to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment Philosopher: a scholar or thinker Reason: Using logical thinking, not superstition Roots of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment grew out of the Renaissance, Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution. What’s the same?: Like all of these other movements, much Enlightenment thinking challenged accepted beliefs. What’s new?: Enlightenment philosophers wanted to use the ideas and reason of the Scientific Revolution for problems in government and society. The Scientific Revolution Light out of the Darkness A Frenchman, Bernard de Fontenelle, expressed this optimistic faith in reason and progress. In 1702, he wrote that the new century “will become more enlightened day by day, so that all previous centuries will be lost in darkness by comparison.” Enlightenment Principles Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Scientific and academic thought should be secular The Salons In France, thinkers called philosophes (French for “philosophers”) championed the idea of reason in government. Philosophers often gathered in informal meetings, called salons. There they exchanged and debated ideas for hours. Many salons were organized by women. Gatherings like these helped to shape and spread the ideas o