大三语言学基础Week-XI--XII：Speech-act.ppt

* 语言学 Linguistics Week XI XII Speech acts Searle 1. An Introduction 2. Constative and Performative 3. Explicit Performatives and Implicit Performatives 4. IFIDs and Felicities 5. Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary acts 6. Speech Act Classification 1. An Introduction S1: The name of this ship is Elizabeth. S2: I name this ship Elizabeth. S3: It’s cold in here. Statement and Pseudo-statement S4: むしあついですね。 2. Constative and Performative “I do (take this woman to be my lawful wedded wife).” ― as uttered in the course of the marriage ceremony. b. “I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth” ― as uttered when smashing the bottle against the stem. c. “I give and bequeath my watch to my brother” ― as occurring in a will. d. “I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.” ― as occurring in a bet. 3. Explicit Performatives and Implicit Performatives S5: I promise I will attend the meeting. S6: I warn you that you will be fired if you go on like this. S7: I apologize to you for the delay in replying to your letter. S8: I order you, “Fire!” S9: I name this ship Queen Elizabeth. S10: I declare the meeting open. (Explicit Performatives) S11: I’m terribly sorry for the delay. S12: You are fired! S13: I’ll be there on time. S14: It’s cold in here. ― as uttered when one intends to have the present “cold environment” changed. S15: Did you forget the door? ― as uttered when one intends to have the speaker close the door. S16: Don’t you have a dictionary? ― as uttered when one intends to get the speaker to consult a dictionary, say, for the meaning of an expression. (Implicit Performatives) Questions How can we understand that an utterance is a performative rather than a constative? Are there any indicating devices to facilitate our categorization of the utterances? 2. Are there any conditions for the performance of a speech act to be recognized as intended? 3. Can constat