大学英语修辞学第九章.ppt

8.6 Parallelism平行结构 Elements parallel in meaning should be parallel in syntactic structure. E.g. Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton) Keep fit, study hard and work well. An Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward. (O’ Malley) 英国人坐着想；法国人站着想；美国人走着想；爱尔兰人事后想。 子曰，“不患无位，患所以立。不患莫己知，求为可知也。” Like items, like form. By convention, items in a series appear in parallel grammatical form: a noun is listed with other nouns, an -ing form with other -ing forms, and so on. Failure to express such items in similar grammatical form is called faulty parallelism. Parallelism is a must on certain occasions: I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United States Senator. And I am also addressing you as an American. I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United States Senator. I speak as an American. (Margaret Chase Smith) Parallelism is often used in persuasive speech. It is either within a sentence or across sentences, within a paragraph or across paragraphs. 1.Within a sentence 1) ... and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln) 2. Across sentences: The seed ye sow, another reaps; The wealth ye find, another keeps; The robe ye weave, another wears; The arms ye forge, another bears.(Shelley) 3. Across Paragraphs We know it because we have seen it revive and grow. We know it cannot die--because it is built on the unhampered initiative of individual men and women joined together in common enterprise--an enterprise undertaken and carried through by the free expression of a free majority. We know it because democracy alone, of all forms of government, enlists the full force of mens enlightened will. ... (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Parallelism is always