生产、信息费用与经济组织(中英文).doc

06.Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization生产、信息费用与经济组织A．A．阿尔钦 H．登姆塞茨The mark of a capitalistic society is that resources are owned and allocated by such nongovernmental organizations as firms, households, and markets. 资本主义社会的标志是资源由一些非政府组织如企业、家庭、市场所有和配置。Resource owners increase productivity through cooperative specialization and this leads to the demand for economic organizations which facilitate cooperation. 资源的所有者通过专业化的协作来提高生产率，由此产生了对那种能促进合作的经济组织的需求。 When a lumber mill employs a cabinetmaker, cooperation between specialists is achieved within a firm, and when a cabinetmaker purchases wood from a lumberman, the cooperation takes place across markets (or between firms). 一家木材加工厂雇佣一位木工时，合作是在一个企业内部达成的，而当一位木匠从伐木工那儿购买木料时，合作则是通过市场（或企业之间来实现的。 Two important problems face a theory of economic organization to explain the conditions that determine whether the gains from specialization and cooperative production can better be obtained within an organization like the firm, or across markets, and to explain the structure of the organization.当经济组织理论必须正视两个重要的问题——解释It is common to see the firm characterized by the power to settle issues by fiat, by authority, or by disciplinary action superior to that available in the conventional market. 一般认为，企业的特是普通的市场（如命令、或纪律）。This is delusion. The firm does not own all its inputs. 这是一种幻觉。企业并不拥有自己所有的投入It has no power of fiat, no authority, no disciplinary action any different in the slightest degree from ordinary market contracting between any two people. 它也不具有命令、及对纪律约束权利，这同任何两个人之间普通的市场合约没有丝毫不同。I can punish you only by withholding future business or by seeking redress in the courts for any failure to honor our exchange agreement. 对于损害我们的交换协议，我只中止未来的业务或诉诸法院来获得补偿，对你进行“惩罚”。 That is exactly all that any employer can do. He can fire or sue, just as I can fire my grocer by stopping purchases from him or sue him for delivering faulty products. 这确实是雇主都能做到的他可以解雇或控告别人，正如我可以不再从我的食品商那儿购买食品以解雇他，或控告他发送劣质食物。 What then is the content of the presum