第9讲省略.ppt

* A. Which do you prefer, the red or the green hat? B. I’d like the green one. A. Which do you prefer, the red or the green hat? B. I’d like the green. substitution; ellipsis Lecture 9 Ellipsis Ellipsis, like substitution, is also a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving cohesion. Substitution is the replacement of an identical item by a substitute. Ellipsis means omission of the item or replacement of the item by a zero substitute. As substitution and ellipsis perform the same function, they are, in many cases, interchangeable. Examples Tom is, Peter will be, and Harold might be, playing for the school. Tom is playing for school, Peter will be playing for school, and Harold might be playing for school. Well-knit structure, prominence to is, will be, might be. In British English, substitute do applies to any kind of main verb except the stative be and have; In American English, an ellipsis or repetition of the stative verb is preferable. 1. Paula looks very happy. She seems happier now than she did (seemed happy) last time we met. 2. Paula looks very happy. She always used to do (look very happy). 2. … . She always used to. 1. … . She seems happier now than she seemed last time we met. More: John is smoking more now than Mary is (doing). I finally called on him. I have wanted to (do so) for a long time. Ellipsis in coordinate constructions Ellipsis is most frequently found in coordinate construction 1. Ellipsis in coordinate clauses 1) Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (Peter) drank a glass of beer. 2) John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 3) His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry. She will work today, and (she) may (work) tomorrow. Ellipsis in coordinate constructions Ellipsis is most frequently found in coordinate construction 4. John was the winner in 1989, and Bob (was the winner) in 1990. George will take the course and Bob mi