第八版微观经济学：现代观点.ppt

微观经济学 2014年秋 教材 “Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach” by Hal Varian, eighth edition, W.W.Norton Co., 2003. 中译本:《微观经济学：现代观点》，范里安著，费方域等译，格致出版社，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社 Course Outline Consumer theory (1-15) Producer theory (18-27) Market equilibrium (16, 31-33) Game Theory (28-29) Market failure (34, 36-37) Chapter One The Market Main points for chapter 1 1.1 Economic modeling 1.2. Example: Modeling the apartment market 1.2.1 Competitive market equilibrium 1.2.2 Comparative statics 1.2.3 Imperfectly Competitive Markets a monopolistic landlord a perfectly discriminatory monopolistic landlord a competitive market subject to rent control. 1.2.4. Which market outcomes are Pareto efficient? 1.1. Economic Modeling An economic model is a simplified framework that represents complex economic processes by a set of variables and a set of relationships between them, often (but not always) using mathematical techniques. Exogenous variables（外生变量）: variables that are determined outside the model. Endogenous variables（内生变量）: variables that are to be determined by the model. The Need for Abstraction At what level of detail shall we model an economic phenomenon? Abstraction - ignoring many details in order to focus on the most important elements of the problem. The proper degree of abstraction depends on the objective of the analysis. Two Principles in Economics Optimization： Each person tries to choose the best alternative available to him or her. Equilibrium：Market price adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. 1.2. Example: Modeling the Apartment Market 1.2.1 Competitive market equilibrium 1.2.2 Comparative statics 1.2.3 Imperfectly competitive markets 1.2.4. Which market outcomes are Pareto efficient? 1.2.1 Competitive market equilibrium Central question: How are apartment rents determined? Assumptions: apartments are close or distant, but otherwise identical distant apartments rents are exogenous and known many potential renters and landlords, i.e.,