第十一讲修饰.ppt

形容词不同于限定词 前者只能在语义上增添名词中心词的“描绘”信息，后者表示名词中心词的确定或不确定、部分或整体意义；前者一般不是必不可少的，很多可位于名词中心词后；后者是名词短语必不可少的，只能位于名词中心词前；前者有短语成分，后者没有短语成分。 试比较： John made more mistakes than Mary did． ﹡John made mistakes more than Mary did. He told me a funnier story than this． He told me a story funnier than this. 2.1 Forms of appositives  名词词组同位语的结构形式 An appositive to a noun phrase may be another noun phrase, which generally follows the first noun phrase, but sometimes it may also take the initial or end position. (通常在后，也可在前，或句尾) 1. Winston Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during the Second World War, died in 1965. 2. Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends. 3. Streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea, sharks are equipped with an extraordinary sense of smell. 4. Only one problem still remains—the storage of the grain. 2.1 Forms of appositives  名词词组同位语的结构形式 An appositive to a noun phrase may also be a reflexive pronoun, an indefinite pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun, a non-finite clause, or a nominal clause. 1. My father will go and see it himself. 2. My friends all understand me. 3. Air, food, water and heat– these are four requirements of all living things. 4. She liked her job, teaching English. 5. During all those years the young man had but one aim– to fight for the independence of his motherland. 6. The question who should preside over the meeting has not yet been settled. 2.2 Indicators of appositives 名词词组同位语的引导词 Appositives are sometimes introduced by indicators which help to express different relationships between the items in apposition. Some indicators denote equation; Other indicators denote exemplification or enumeration; Still others denote focalization; The preposition of introducing an appositive. Some indicators denote equation namely (viz), that is (i.e.), that is to say, in other words, or, for short. A pronoun is a pro-form, i.e. a form used to refer to a person or a thing.